Two new versions: this is the Omega Seamaster Aqua Terra Worldtimer 2023. It is a slightly updated model
Stainless steel is widely used in watches due to its durability and corrosion resistance. There are some variants that differ in quality and properties. The hardness is often indicated in HV (Hardness Vickers).
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This hardness value is calculated based on the force applied and the surface area of the indentation. The higher the HV number, the harder the material is, indicating greater resistance to deformation and scratching.
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Different stainless steel grades
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316L is the most common for watches, offering corrosion resistance, particularly in saltwater. It is used by most brands. It has a Vickers hardness of around 150-200 HV.
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Then there is 904L stainless steel which is a high-end alloy used primarily by Rolex. It’s more corrosion-resistant and durable than 316L but harder to machine. This has a Vickers hardness of approximately 200-250 HV.
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Another variant is 440C, known for its hardness and wear resistance, though less corrosion-resistant. It’s often used in watch components that require high strength. It has with a Vickers hardness ranging from 550-700 HV.
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Cheaper stainless steel and steel for parts
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Next is 304, a cost-effective option with good workability and decent corrosion resistance, typically found in budget watches. For the inside of a watch there is 17-4 PH which is a strong, precipitation-hardened alloy. It is used in high-performance watch components like screws and movement parts.
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A less common due to its magnetic properties and lower corrosion resistance is 430, but it offers good formability.
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Lastly we mention carbonitrided stainless steel, although there are more variants. This carbonitrided treated steel variant is hardened and more scratch-resistant, used in high-end watches for durability.
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The hardest stainless steel we have seen so far is introduced by Hanhart in 2024, and called HD12. Which is carbon diffused into stainless steel in a surface hardening process, and then topped off with a transparent hard coating (PVD). The result is a Vickers hardness of 1,200.
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Just as a reference, the Vickers hardness of diamond, the hardest natural material on Earth, is 7,000 to 10,000 HV. Which is also indicated as 70 GPa to 100 GPa (Gigapascals).
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Compare case materials on the Hardness Vickers scale (from hard to hardest):
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| Carbon | 20-50 HV |
| Platinum | 40 HV (950 platinum: 80-135 HV) |
| Silver | 70-90 HV |
| Bronze | 60-150 HV (100-200 HV treated) |
| Aluminium | 120-200 HV |
| Gold | 120-200 HV (18k or 14k) |
| Palladium | 150-200 HV |
| White gold | 150-250 HV |
| Stainless steel | 150-250 HV (special 1200 HV) |
| Titanium | 150-200 HV (grade 2) / 300-400 HV (grade 5) |
| Ceramic | 1200-1400 HV (1500-2000 for alumina) |
| Sapphire | 2000-2300 HV |
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Stainless steel watches
The Montblanc 1858 The Unveiled Secret Minerva Monopusher Chronograph Distressed steel is made with stones
The Premier Chronograph line gets an extension with this 2023 Breitling Premier B01 Chronograph 42 Steel
The recently started restyle of the Carrera Chronograph models leads to this new TAG Heuer Carrera Chronograph 39 mm Glassbox
A vintage-looking quartz with a mechanical touch: the Nivada Grenchen Chronoking Aviator Sea Diver Meca-quartz
What you can do with a Patrimony is also possible with an Overseas: here is the Vacheron Constantin Overseas Moon Phase Retrograde Date
The Grand Seiko Heritage SBGW309 / SBGW311 / SBGW313 – Mt. Iwate pattern are part of the 44GS series and come in three colors
This is the Certina DS-2 Chronograph 2023, inspired by the vintage Certina DS-2 Chronolympic from the 1970s
The Armin Strom Mirrored Force Resonance Manufacture Edition Green is the third version of the model
The new series of the Carl F. Bucherer Manero Peripheral is a step forward in the variety of the steel Manero line